Clubfoot

Talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot, represents a spectrum of foot deformities characterized by hindfoot equinus and varus with forefoot adduction and supination. Most cases reflect congenital structural malalignment and are classified as idiopathic, syndromic, or neurogenic, while postural deformities are flexible and nonstructural. Prenatal diagnosis is typically established with US, and postnatal evaluation relies on clinical examination with selective use of radiographs. Weight-bearing or simulated weight-bearing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs allow measurement of the talocalcaneal and tibiocalcaneal angles, which aid in assessing severity and monitoring correction. The Ponseti method of serial casting remains the gold standard treatment, although relapse may occur and can be identified clinically or radiographically.